The growth of forearc highs and basins in the oblique Sumatra subduction system
Keywords:
oblique subduction, strain partitioning, forearc, thrust fault, strike-slip faultAbstract
Strain partitioning in an oblique subduction system controlled the development of a major shear zone near volcanic arc and additional strike-slip displacements that uplifted the forearc high and detached from the forearc basin. However, previous and recent studies in the Sumatra forearc also proposed that the forearc high areas have developed due to several processes that include flexural uplift, basin inversion, uplift of older accretionary wedge, and backthrusting in the landward edge of the accretionary wedge. We reviewed those observations to understand the uplift mechanisms of forearc high and the formation of the forearc basin in the oblique Sumatra subduction system. Observation of recent seismic reflection data shows that the interplay between trenchward-vergent thrusts and arcward-vergent backthrust has played a major role in the uplift of forearc high. The uplifted sediments on the forearc high were previously formed in a forearc basin environment. The present-day morphology of the forearc high and forearc basin is related to the uplift of the accretionary wedge and the overlying forearc basin sediments in Pliocene. Regardless of obliquity in the subduction system, the Sumatran forearc region is dominated by compression that plays an important role in forming Neogene basin depocenters that elongated parallel to the trench.
References
FITCH T J. Plate convergence, transcurrent faults, and internal deformation adjacent to Souheast Asia and the western Pacific J. Geophys. Res., 1972, 77 4432–60
JARRARD R D. Terrane motion by strike-slip faulting of forearc slivers, Geology, 1986, 14 780–3
MCCAFFREY R. Oblique plate convergence, slip vectors, and forearc deformation, J. Geophys. Res., 1992, 97 8905
CEMBRANO J, HERVÉ F and LAVENU A. The Liquiñe Ofqui fault zone: a long-lived intra-arc fault system in southern Chile, Tectonophysics, 1996, 259 55–66
CHEMENDA A, LALLEMAND S and BOKUN A. Strain partitioning and interplate friction in oblique subduction zones: Constraints provided by experimental modeling, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 2000, 105 5567–81
DOMINGUEZ S, LALLEMAND S, MALAVIEILLE J et al. Oblique subduction of the Gagua Ridge beneath the Ryukyu accretionary wedge system: Insights from marine observations and sandbox experiments, Mar. Geophys. Res., 1998, 20 383–402
NODA A. Forearc basins: Types, geometries, and relationships to subduction zone dynamics, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 2016, 128 879–95
DIAMENT M, HARJONO H, KARTA K, et al. Mentawai fault zone off Sumatra: A new key to the geodynamics of western Indonesia, Geology, 1992, 20 259–62
IZART A, KEMAL B M and MALOD J A. Seismic stratigraphy and subsidence evolution of the northwest Sumatra fore-arc basin, Mar. Geol., 1994, 122 109–24
MALOD J A and KEMAL B M. The Sumatra margin: Oblique subduction and lateral displacement of the accretionary prism, Tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia, Geological Society Special Publication No. 106, ed. R HALL and D BLUNDELL, 1996, pp 19–28
MARTIN K M, GULICK S P S, AUSTIN Jr. J A, et al. The West Andaman Fault: A complex strain-partitioning boundary at the seaward edge of the Aceh Basin, offshore Sumatra, Tectonics, 2014, 33 786–806
CHAUHAN A P S, SINGH S C, HANANTO N D, et al. Seismic imaging of forearc backthrusts at northern Sumatra subduction zone, Geophys. J. Int., 2009, 179 1772–80
GHOSAL D, MUKTI M M, SINGH S C, et al. Fore-arc high and basin evolution, offshore northern fore-arc Sumatra, using high resolution marine geophysical datasets, J. Asian Earth Sci., 2021, in revision
MOEREMANS R E and SINGH S C. Fore-arc basin deformation in the Andaman-Nicobar segment of the Sumatra-Andaman subduction zone: Insight from high-resolution seismic reflection data, Tectonics, 2015, 1–15
MUKTI M M, SINGH S C, DEIGHTON I, et al. Structural evolution of backthrusting in the Mentawai Fault Zone, offshore Sumatran forearc, Geochemistry, Geophys. Geosystems, 2012, 13 1–21
SAMUEL M A, HARBURY N A, JONES M et al. Inversion-controlled uplift of an outer-arc ridge: Nias Island, offshore Sumatra, Basin inversion, ed. J G BUCHANAN and P G BUCHANAN, 1995, pp 473–92
KARIG D E, SUPARKA S, MOORE G F et al. Structure and Cenozoic Evolution of the Sunda Arc in the Central Sumatra region, Geological and Geophysical Investigations of Continental Margins, AAPG Memoir 29 eds. J S WATKINS, L MONTADERT and P W DICKINSON, 1979, pp 223–7
SCHLÜTER H U, GAEDICKE C, ROESER H et al. Tectonic features of the southern Sumatra-western Java forearc of Indonesia, Tectonics, 2002, 21 11-1-11–5
PRAWIRODIRDJO L and BOCK Y. Instantaneous global plate motion model from 12 years of continuous GPS observations, J. Geophys. Res., 2004, 109 1–15
DOUST H and NOBLE R A. Petroleum systems of Indonesia, Mar. Pet. Geol., 2008, 25 103–29
SIEH K and NATAWIDJAJA D H. Neotectonics of the Sumatran Fault, Indonesia, J. Geophys. Res., 2000, 105 28,295-28,326
JACOB J, DYMENT J and YATHEESH V. Revisiting the structure, age, and evolution of the Wharton Basin to better understand subduction under Indonesia, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 2014.
ABERCROMBIE R E, ANTOLIK M and EKSTRÖM G. The June 2000 M w 7.9 earthquakes south of Sumatra: Deformation in the India–Australia Plate, J. Geophys. Res., 2003, 108 2018
BRIGGS R W, SIEH K, MELTZNER A J, et al. Deformation and Slip Along the Sunda Megathruts in the Great 2005 Nias-Simeulue Earthquake, Science, 2005, (80-. ). 311 1897–901
KONCA A O, AVOUAC J-P, SLADEN A, et al. Partial rupture of a locked patch of the Sumatra megathrust during the 2007 earthquake sequence, Nature, 2008, 456 631–5
SINGH S C, HANANTO N, MUKTI M, et al. Aseismic zone and earthquake segmentation associated with a deep subducted seamount in Sumatra, Nat. Geosci., 2011, 4 308–11
WISEMAN K, BANERJEE P, SIEH K, et al. Another potential source of destructive earthquakes and tsunami offshore of Sumatra, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2011, 38 1–5
DICKINSON W R and SEELY D R. Structure and stratigraphy of forearc regions, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 1979, 63 2–31
NUGRAHA A M S and HALL R. Cenozoic history of the East Java Forearc Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, Thirty sixth Annual Convention and Exhibition, 2012, pp 1–21
VAN DER WERFF W. Variation in forearc basin development along the Sunda Arc, Indonesia, J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci., 1996, 14 331–49
BERGLAR K, GAEDICKE C, LADAGE S et al. The Mentawai forearc sliver off Sumatra: A model for a strike-slip duplex at a regional scale, Tectonophysics, 2017, 710–711 225–31
BERGLAR K, GAEDICKE C, FRANKE D, et al. Structural evolution and strike-slip tectonics off north-western Sumatra, Tectonophysics, 2010, 480 119–32
MOSHER D C, AUSTIN J A., FISHER D et al. Deformation of the northern Sumatra accretionary prism from high-resolution seismic reflection profiles and ROV observations, Mar. Geol., 2008, 252 89–99
KARIG D E, LAWRENCE M B, MOORE G F et al. Structural framework of the fore-arc basin, NW Sumatra, J. Geol. Soc. London., 1980, 137 77–91
MOORE G F and KARIG D E. Structural geology of Nias Island, Indonesia: Implications for subduction zone tectonics, Am. J. Sci., 1980, 280 193–223
SINGH S C, HANANTO N D, CHAUHAN A P S, et al. Evidence of active backthrusting at the NE Margin of Mentawai Islands, SW Sumatra, Geophys. J. Int., 2010, 180 703–14
KOPP H, KLAESCHEN D, FLUEH E R et al. Crustal structure of the Java margin from seismic wide-angle and multichannel reflection data, J. Geophys. Res., 2002, 107 1-1-1–24
MATSON R G and MOORE G F. Structural Influences on Neogene Subsidence in the Central Sumatra Fore-Arc Basin, AAPG Memoir 53, Geology and geophysics of continantal margins, eds. J J WATKINS, F ZHIQIANG and K J MCMILLEN, 1992, pp 157–81
CARTON H, SINGH S C, HANANTO N D, et al. Deep seismic reflection images of the Wharton Basin oceanic crust and uppermost mantle offshore Northern Sumatra: Relation with active and past deformation, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 2014, 119 32–51
HALL D, DUFF B, COURBE M, et al. The southern fore-arc zone of Sumatra: Cainozoic basin-forming tectonism and hydrocarbon potential, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 1993, pp 319–44
SAPIIE B, YULIAN F, CHANDRA J, et al. Geology and Tectonic Evolution of Fore-Arc Basins: Implications of Future Hydrocarbon Potential in the Western Indonesia, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2015, p 1-15
YULIHANTO B and WIYANTO B Hydrocarbon potential of the Mentawai forearc basin west Sumatra, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 1999, pp 1–7
SINGH S C, MOEREMANS R, MCARDLE J et al. Seismic images of the sliver strike-slip fault and back thrust in the Andaman-Nicobar region, J. Geophys. Res., 2013, 118 1–17
CURRAY J R. Tectonics and history of the Andaman Sea region, J. Asian Earth Sci., 2005, 25 187–232
HUCHON P and LE PICHON X. Sunda Strait and Central Sumatra fault, Geology, 1984, 12 668–72
LELGEMANN H, GUTSCHEF M-A, BIALAS J, et al. Transtensional Basins in the Western Sunda Strait, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2000, 27 3545–8
MALOD J A, KARTA K, BESLIER M O et al. From normal to oblique subduction: Tectonic relationships between Java and Sumatra, J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci., 1995, 12 85–93
MUKTI M M. Structural style and depositional history of the Semangko pull-apart basin in the southeastern segment of Sumatra Fault Zone, Ris. Geol. dan Pertamb., 2018, 28 115–28
SUSILOHADI S, GAEDICKE C and DJAJADIHARDJA Y. Structures and sedimentary deposition in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia, Tectonophysics, 2009, 467 55–71
DEIGHTON I, MUKTI M M, SINGH S, et al. Nias Basin, NW Sumatra – New insight into forearc structure and hydrocarbon prospectivity from long-offset 2D seismic data Proceedings, Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2014, pp IPA14-G-299
KOPP H and KUKOWSKI N. Backstop geometry and accretionary mechanics of the Sunda margin, Tectonics, 2003, 22 11-1-11–6
MCCAFFREY R. Slip vectors and stretching of the Sumatran fore arc, Geology, 1991, 19 881–4
NATAWIDJAJA D H and TRIYOSO W. The Sumatran fault zone—From source to hazard, J. Earthq. Tsunami, 2007, 1 21–47
MUKTI M M, ARISBAYA I and PERMANA H. Termination of a Trench-Linked Strike-Slip Fault Zone in the Sumatra–Java Forearc Basin and Accretionary Wedge Complex, J. Geol. Miner. Resour., 2020, 21 177–86
HANANTO N, SINGH S, MUKTI M M et al. Neotectonics of north Sumatra forearc Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2012, p IPA-G-100
ANDI MANGGA S, BURHAN G, SUKARDI et al. Geological map of Siberut, Sumatera, scale 1?: 250.000, Bandung, Indonesia, 1994
BUDHITRISNA T and ANDI MANGGA S. Geological map of Pagai and Sipora, Sumatra, scale 1?: 250.000, Geological Research and Development Center, Bandung, Indonesia, 1990
DJAMAL B, GUNAWAN W and SIMANDJUNTAK T O. Geological map of Nias, Sumatra, Skala 1:250,000, Bandung, 1991
ENDHARTO M and SUKIDO. Geological map of the Sinabang quadrangle, Sumatra, scale 1:250 000, Bandung, Indonesia, 1994
HARDY S, MCCLAY K and ANTON MUÑOZ J. Deformation and fault activity in space and time in high-resolution numerical models of doubly vergent thrust wedges, Mar. Pet. Geol., 2009, 26 232–48
HOTH S, HOFFMANN-ROTHE A. and KUKOWSKI N. Frontal accretion: An internal clock for bivergent wedge deformation and surface uplift, J. Geophys. Res., 2007, 112 B06408
LARROQUE C, CALASSOU S, MALAVIEILLE J et al. Experimental modelling of forearc basin development during accretionary wedge growth, Basin Res., 1995, 7 255–68
MALAVIEILLE J, MOLLI G, GENTI M, et al. Formation of ophiolite-bearing tectono-sedimentary mélanges in accretionary wedges by gravity driven submarine erosion: Insights from analogue models and case studies, J. Geodyn., 2016, 100 87–103
MCCLAY K R, WHITEHOUSE P S, DOOLEY T et al. 3D evolution of fold and thrust belts formed by oblique convergence, Mar. Pet. Geol., 2004, 21 857–77
STORTI F, SALVINI F and MCCLAY K. Synchronous and velocity-partitioned thrusting and thrust polarity reversal in experimentally produced, doubly-vergent thrust wedges: Implications for natural orogens, Tectonics, 2000, 19 378–96
BEAUDRY D and MOORE G F. Seismic stratigraphy and Cenozoic evolution of west Sumatra forearc basin, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 1985, 69 742–59
ROSE R. Miocene carbonate rocks of Sibolga Basin, Northwest Sumatra, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Assocciation, 1983
BERGLAR K, GAEDICKE C, LUTZ R, et al. Neogene subsidence and stratigraphy of the Simeulue forearc basin, Northwest Sumatra, Mar. Geol., 2008, 253 1–13
GAOL K L, HANDAYANI L, HANANTO N, et al. Morfologi bawah permukaan Pulau Simeulue berdasarkan data anomali bouguer gayaberat, Prosiding Pemaparan Hasil Penelitian Geoteknologi LIPI, 2014, pp 441–54
PUBELLIER M, RANGIN C, CADET J-P. L’Ile de Nias, un édifice polyphasé sur la bordure interne de la fosse de la Sonde (Archipel de Mentawai, Indonésie), Comptes rendus l’Académie des Sci. Série 2, Mécanique, Phys. Chim. Sci. l’univers, Sci. la Terre, 1992, 315 1019–26
YULIHANTO B, SITUMORANG B, NURDJAJADI A et al. Structural analysis of the onshore Bengkulu forearc basin and its implication for the future hydrocarbon exploration activity, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 1995, pp 87–96
HOWLES A C. Structural and stratigraphic evolution of the southwest Sumatran Bengkulu shelf, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 1986, pp 215–43
HALL R. Hydrocarbon basins in SE Asia: understanding why they are, Pet. Geosci., 2009, 15 131–46
HALL R. Tectonophysics Late Jurassic – Cenozoic reconstructions of the Indonesian region and the Indian Ocean, Tectonophysics, 2012, 570–571 1–41
GAFOER S, AMIN T C and PARDEDE R. Geological map of the Bengkulu Quadrangle, Sumatra, scale 1:250.000, 2007
YULIHANTO B, SOFYAN S, WIDJAJA S, et al. Post Convention Field Trip 1996 Bengkulu Forearc Basin, Indonesian Petroleum Association, 1996
CAHYANINGTYAS D R, WARDHANA A K, PETTINELLI R, et al. Petrographic analysis supporting electrical log interpretation of volcaniclastic deep-water reservoirs in the west Sumatera fore-arc, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2017, pp IPA17-367-G
GENRICH J F, BOCK Y, MCCAFFREY R, et al. Distribution of slip at the northern Sumatran fault system, J. Geophys. Res., 2000, 105 28327–8
MCCAFFREY R, ZWICK P C, BOCK Y, et al. Strain partitioning during oblique plate convergence in northern Sumatra: Geodetic and seismologic constraints and numerical modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 2000, 105 28,363-28,376
BRADLEY K E, FENG L, HILL E M, et al. Implications of the diffuse deformation of the Indian Ocean lithosphere for slip partitioning of oblique plate convergence in Sumatra, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 2017, 122 572–91
MUKTI M M. Structural complexity in the boundary of forearc basin–accretionary wedge in the northwesternmost Sunda active margin, Bull. Mar. Geol., 2018, 33 1–14
PESICEK J D, THURBER C H, ZHANG H, et al. Teleseismic double-difference relocation of earthquakes along the Sumatra-Andaman subduction zone using a 3-D model, J. Geophys. Res., 2010, 115 B10303
KOPP H. The control of subduction zone structural complexity and geometry on margin segmentation and seismicity, Tectonophysics, 2013, 589 1–16
KIMURA G. Oblique subduction and collision: forearc tectonics of the Kuril arc (Pacific), Geology, 1986
DESSA J-X, KLINGELHOEFER F, GRAINDORGE D, et al. Megathrust earthquakes can nucleate in the forearc mantle: Evidence from the 2004 Sumatra event, Geology, 2009, 37 659–62
KLINGELHOEFER F, GUTSCHER M-A, LADAGE S. Limits of the seismogenic zone in the epicentral region of the 26 December 2004 great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake: Results from seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection surveys and thermal modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 2010, 115 B01304
SINGH S C, HANANTO N, MUKTI M. Aseismic zone and earthquake segmentation associated with a deep subducted seamount in Sumatra, Nat. Geosci., 2011, 4 308
SIBUET J C, RANGIN C, LE PICHON X, et al. 26th December 2004 great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake: Co-seismic and post-seismic motions in northern Sumatra, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2007
SINGH S C, CHAUHAN A P S, CALVERT A J, et al. Seismic evidence of bending and unbending of subducting oceanic crust and the presence of mantle megathrust in the 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake rupture zone, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2012, 321–322 166–76
SINGH S C, HANANTO N D and CHAUHAN A P S. Enhanced reflectivity of backthrusts in the recent great Sumatran earthquake rupture zones, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2011, 38 1–5
DESHON H, ENGDAHL E R, THURBER C H. Constraining the boundary between the Sunda and Andaman subduction systems: Evidence from the 2002 Mw 7.3 Northern Sumatra earthquake and aftershock relocations of the 2004 and 2005 great earthquakes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2005, 32 1–5
SIEH K, NATAWIDJAJA D H, MELTZNER A J. Earthquake supercycles inferred from sea-level changes recorded in the corals of West Sumatra, Science, 2008, (80-. ). 322 1674–8
LE PICHON X, LYBÉRIS N, ANGELIER J et al. Strain distribution over the Mediterranean Ridge: A synthesis incorporating new Sea-Beam data, Tectonophysics, 1982, 86 243–74
WESTBROOK G K, LADD J W, BUHL P, et al. Cross section of an accretionary wedge: Barbados Ridge complex, Geology, 1988, 16 631–5
SILVER E A, REED D L, TAGUDIN J E et al. Implications of the north and south Panama thrust belts for the origin of the Panama orocline, Tectonics, 1990, 9 261–81
MCCARTHY A J and ELDERS C F. Cenozoic deformation in Sumatra: Oblique subduction and the development of the Sumatran Fault, Petroleum Geology of Southeast Asia, Geological Society Special Publication, 126, ed. A J FRASER and S J MATTHEWS, 1997, pp 355–63
Downloads
Posted
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Author retains copyrights under CC-BY license
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
